Sons and Lovers as an Autobiographical Novel Essay Example Essay Example

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 8

Clarified Bibliography Example Further, the lucidness of the book isn't troublesome since the writers utilized very unequivocal and all around expounded techniques and straightforward language for simple comprehension. They called attention to that the age structure, for example, drastically hugy affects how shoppers act with respect to a specific item. Apparently, a shopper may not likely utilize a similar item which he/she utilized as an adolescent in his/her later grown-up life. As needs be, these variables contribute a great deal in purchaser conduct in regards to a specific item which correspondingly influences the advertising procedure of an association or firm. Again occupation, for this situation business has somehow extraordinary effect on item utilization since they can manage the cost of various consumable items which can in any case be unavailable to those without work. Salary, pleasantly figures out who gives which products and ventures and at what time. Appraisal: Although the book by Quester et al. has a restricted extent of study †New Zealand and Australia, - it offers accommodating bits of knowledge into the outer variables that influence customer conduct thus the advertising methodologies. This is a book by Michael Solomon distributed in 2009, which means it is five years of age. The decision of the book was impacted by the writers show on how the outside factor influences buyer disposition and its express clarification of those elements. Accordingly, it is a decent asset for the topic. Michael Solomon is Professor of Marketing and Director of the Center for Consumer Research. He has an essential research enthusiasm for purchaser conduct, administrations showcasing, marking procedure, emblematic parts of items, and the brain science of design, embellishment, and picture. Further, he has distributed various articles and scholarly diaries on these examination interests. As needs be, Solomon has set up expert in his privilege particularly with respect to buyer

Milgrams Experiments and the Perils of Obedience

Milgrams Experiments and the Perils of Obedience History and Biographies Print Milgrams Experiments and the Perils of Obedience By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 16, 2019 Milgrams original shock box displayed at the Ontario Science Centre. Isabelle Adam (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) via Flickr More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming If an authority figure ordered you to deliver a 400-volt electrical shock to another person, would you follow orders? Most people would answer with an adamant no. However, the Milgram obedience experiment aimed to prove otherwise. During the 1960s, Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted a series of obedience experiments that led to some surprising results. These results offer a compelling and disturbing look at the power of authority and obedience. More recent investigations cast doubt on some of the implications of Milgrams findings and even question the results and procedures themselves. Despite its problems, the study has, without question, significantly impacted psychology. What Were the Milgram Experiments? The social psychology of this century reveals a major lesson: often it is not so much the kind of person a man is as the kind of situation in which he finds himself that determines how he will act. - Stanley Milgram, 1974 Milgram started his experiments in 1961, shortly after the trial of the World War II criminal Adolph Eichmann had begun. Eichmann’s defense that he was merely following instructions when he ordered the deaths of millions of Jews roused Milgram’s interest. In his 1974 book Obedience to Authority, Milgram posed the question, Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices? An Experiment of Shocking Proportions The participants in the most famous variation of the Milgram experiment were 40 men recruited using newspaper ads. In exchange for their participation, each person was paid $4.50. Milgram developed an intimidating shock generator, with shock levels starting at 30 volts and increasing in 15-volt increments all the way up to 450 volts. The many switches were labeled with terms including slight shock, moderate shock and danger: severe shock. The final two switches were labeled simply with an ominous XXX. Each participant took the role of a teacher who would then deliver a shock to the student whenever an incorrect answer was given. While the participant believed that he was delivering real shocks to the student, the “student” was a confederate in the experiment who was simply pretending to be shocked. As the experiment progressed, the participant would hear the learner plead to be released or even complain about a heart condition. Once they reached the 300-volt level, the learner would bang on the wall and demand to be released. Beyond this point, the learner became completely silent and refused to answer any more questions. The experimenter then instructed the participant to treat this silence as an incorrect response and deliver a further shock. Most participants asked the experimenter whether they should continue. The experimenter issued a series of commands to prod the participant along: Please continue.The experiment requires that you continue.It is absolutely essential that you continue.You have no other choice; you must go on. Did the Majority Deliver the Maximum Shock? The measure of obedience was the level of shock that the participant was willing to deliver. How far do you think most participants were willing to go? When Milgram posed this question to a group of Yale University students, it was predicted that no more than 3 out of 100 participants would deliver the maximum shock. In reality, 65 percent of the participants in Milgram’s study delivered the maximum shocks. Of the 40 participants in the study, 26 delivered the maximum shocks while 14 stopped before reaching the highest levels. It is important to note that many of the subjects became extremely agitated, distraught, and angry at the experimenter, but they continued to follow orders all the way to the end. Due to concerns about the amount of anxiety experienced by many of the participants, everyone was debriefed at the end of the experiment. The researchers explained the procedures and the use of deception. However, many critics of the study have argued that many of the participants were still confused about the exact nature of the experiment. Milgram later surveyed the participants and found that 84 percent were glad to have participated while only 1 percent regretted their involvement. The Moral Questions Milgram Raised While Milgram’s research raised serious ethical questions about the use of human subjects in psychology experiments, his results have also been consistently replicated in further experiments. Thomas Blass (1999) reviewed further research on obedience and found that Milgram’s findings hold true in other experiments. Why did so many of the participants in this experiment perform a seemingly sadistic act when instructed by an authority figure? According to Milgram, there are some situational factors that can explain such high levels of obedience: The physical presence of an authority figure dramatically increased compliance.The fact that Yale (a trusted and authoritative academic institution) sponsored the study led many participants to believe that the experiment must be safe.The selection of teacher and learner status seemed random.Participants assumed that the experimenter was a competent expert.The shocks were said to be painful, not dangerous. Later experiments conducted by Milgram indicated that the presence of rebellious peers dramatically reduced obedience levels. When other people refused to go along with the experimenters orders, 36 out of 40 participants refused to deliver the maximum shocks. Ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive process. Moreover, even when the destructive effects of their work become patently clear, and they are asked to carry out actions incompatible with fundamental standards of morality, relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority, Milgram explained in Obedience to Authority. Milgram’s experiment has become a classic in psychology, demonstrating the dangers of obedience. The research suggests that situational variables have a stronger sway than personality factors in determining obedience. However, other psychologists argue that both external and internal factors heavily influence obedience, such as personal beliefs and overall temperament. Researchers Replicate Milgram: Would People Still Obey? In 2009, researchers conducted a study designed to replicate Milgrams classic obedience experiment. In an article published in the APS Observer, psychologist Jerry Burger of Santa Clara University and author of the study described how relevant Milgrams study is today: The haunting black-and-white images of ordinary citizens delivering what appear to be dangerous, if not deadly, electric shocks and the implications of the findings for atrocities like the Holocaust and Abu Ghraib are not easily dismissed. Yet because Milgrams procedures are clearly out-of-bounds by todays ethical standards, many questions about the research have gone unanswered. Chief among these is one that inevitably surfaces when I present Milgrams findings to students: Would people still act that way today? Burger made several alterations to Milgrams experiment. The maximum shock level was 150-volts as opposed to the original 450-volts.Participants were also carefully screened to eliminate those who might experience adverse reactions to the experiment. The results of the new experiment revealed that participants obeyed at the same rate that they did when Milgram conducted his original study more than 40 years ago. The January 2009 issue of American Psychologist also contained discussion from other psychologists about the possible comparisons between Milgrams experiment and Burgers study. According to Arthur G. Miller, Ph.D. of Miami University, ...there are simply too many differences between this study and the earlier obedience research to permit conceptually precise and useful comparisons. However, Alan C. Elms, Ph.D., of the University of California, Davis argued that the replication still had merit. Elms pointed out that while direct comparisons of absolute levels of obedience cannot be made between the 150-volt maximum of Burgers research design and Milgrams 450-volt maximum, Burgers obedience lite procedures can be used to explore further some of the situational variables studied by Milgram as well as to look at additional variables, such as situational and personality differences. Recent Criticisms and New Findings Psychologist Gina Perry suggests that much of what we think we know about Milgrams famous experiments is only part of the story. While researching an article on the topic, she stumbled across hundreds of audiotapes found in Yale archives that documented numerous variations of Milgrams shock experiments. Were Subjects Coerced? While Milgrams reports of his process report methodical and uniform procedures, the audiotapes reveal something different. During the experimental sessions, the experimenters often went off-script and coerced the subjects into continuing the shocks. The slavish obedience to authority we have come to associate with Milgram’s experiments comes to sound much more like bullying and coercion when you listen to these recordings, Perry suggested in an article for Discover Magazine. Few Participants Were Really Debriefed Milgrams experiments have long been the source of considerable criticism and controversy. From the get-go, the ethics of his experiments were highly dubious. Participants were subjected to significant psychological and emotional distress. Milgram suggested that the subjects were de-hoaxed after the experiments. However, Perrys findings revealed that of the 700 or so people who took part in different variations of his studies between 1961 and 1962, very few were truly debriefed. A true debriefing would have involved explaining that the shocks werent real and that the other person was not injured. Instead, Milgrams sessions were mainly focused on calming the subjects down before sending them on their way. Many left in a state of considerable distress. While the truth was revealed to some months or even years later, many were simply never told a thing. Variations Led to Differing Results Another problem is that the version of the study presented by Milgram and the one thats most often retold does not tell the whole story. The statistic that 65 percent of people obeyed orders applied only to one variation of the experiment, in which 26 out of 40 subjects obeyed. In other variations, far fewer people were willing to follow the experimenters orders and in some versions of the study, not a single participant obeyed. Did They Know the Learner Was Faking? Perry even tracked down some of the people who took part in the experiments as well as Milgrams research assistants. What she discovered is that many of his subjects had deduced what Milgrams intent was and knew that the learner was merely pretending. Such findings cast Milgrams results in a new light. It suggests that not only did Milgram intentionally engage in some hefty misdirection to obtain the results he wanted but that many of his participants were simply playing along. Perry later explained to NPR that retracing the steps of Milgrams research upended her attitudes and beliefs about one of the most famous and controversial figures in psychology. I regarded Stanley Milgram as a misunderstood genius whod been penalized in some ways for revealing something troubling and profound about human nature, she told NPR. By the end of my research, I actually had quite a very different view of the man and the research. Obedience Depends on a Few Critical Factors More recent work by researchers suggests that while people do tend to obey authority figures, the process is not necessarily as cut-and-dry as Milgram depicted it. In a 2012 essay published in PLoS Biology, psychologists Alex Haslam and Stephen Reicher suggested the degree to which people are willing to obey the questionable orders of an authority figure depends largely on two key factors: How much the individual agrees with the ordersHow much they identify with the person giving the orders While it is clear that people are often far more susceptible to influence, persuasion, and obedience than they would often like to be, they are far from mindless machines just taking orders.   Why Is Milgrams Study Still So Powerful? So why does Milgrams experiment maintain such a powerful hold on our imaginations, even decades after the fact? Perry believes that despite all its ethical issues and the problem of never truly being able to replicate Milgrams procedures, the study has taken on the role of what she calls a powerful parable. Milgrams work might not hold the answers to what makes people obey or even the degree to which they truly obey. It has, however, inspired other researchers to explore what makes people follow orders and, perhaps more importantly, what leads them to question authority.

The Anti- Corruption Of Bangladesh - 1510 Words

Since the independence, Bangladesh has achieved commendable progresses in terms of socio-economic and governance. Corruption is still a major obstacle towards development and good governance. There have been several institutions in the country established to fight corruption in the country. The Bureau of Anti-Corruption (BAC) was established in 1957, during which Bangladesh was East Pakistan. This bureau was the first institution established to fight corruption. Corruption was identified as a crime under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 as well as Prevention of Corruption Act 1947 and the Anti-Corruption Act 1958. Unfortunately none of the above was effective to address the issue of corruption in the country. During 1990’s and 2000s†¦show more content†¦According to this amendment the organization had to seek government approval to investigate and file a case, therefore it limited the operational capacity of the commission. Based on the complaints from the lawmake rs from all over the country, an amendment was made that allowed the commission to be more independent and not subjected to the government approvals for their investigation. Although the commission is independent by law, in practice the politicians and civil society have turned their attention to the selection process of the commission leadership. (Global Integrity, 2010) According to Hechler et.al (2011), the commission has been active during the tenure of the caretaker government and has filed many cases including top political leaders. However, due to the elections in December 2008, many cases were dropped. In 2010 a set of recommendations were proposed that could limit the powers of the commission by providing a provision of seeking approval from the government prior to the investigation, which was withdrew through campaigns by civil society and media. (Transparency International, 2012) The Office of Comptroller and Auditor General (OCAG), the Supreme Audit Institution (SAI) of Bangladesh is tasked to audit government receipts, and public spending and to determine if the expenditures have produced value for money in government offices, public bodies and statutory organizations. The Comptroller and

How Karl Marx Accounts for the Industrialization of...

How Karl Marx Accounts for the Industrialization of Society Sociology has been classified as the last in a long line of emerging scientific disciplines which people have developed and explored in order to make sense of their world. Early theories such as the positivist approach of Comte, the functionalist views and the conflict perspectives of Karl Marx have offered a view of why human beings behave as they do and how they fit together in society. In the eighteenth and nineteenth century European societies experienced major changes due to the industrial revolution. These changes included a radical change in the economy, and many changes to aspects of society. Although it can be argued†¦show more content†¦Marx came up with â€Å"The materialist theory†. The materialist theory of history starts from the proposition that human beings are creatures of need, and hence that the material side of human life physical needs and economic action to satisfy them is primary and basic. Marx states in his materialist conception of history sited in (Karl Marx, selected writings), that men in society enter into fixed relations that they are indispensable from and have no choice over. These relations of production are parallel to a stage of development of their material powers of production. Moreover these relations of production constitute the economic structure; which is the foundation of society which legal and political superstructures are formed on. Due to this Marx states that the mode of p roduction in the material life determines society. In other words, it is not the ideas or indeed values of human beings that cause social change, it is prompted primarily by economic influences. Thus the transition from Feudal to industrial is marked by economic contradictions. The Feudal era was a time when communities were smaller (rural) and people worked the land to support their family. 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An Analysis of the Australian Curriculum Free Essays

string(100) " been developed to allow focus of content descriptions \(statements of required student learning\)\." Introduction With the introduction of the Australian National Curriculum into all education systems across the country, many questions and debates have occurred in reference to its effectiveness. From the often perceived conflicting curriculum definitions to the unfortunate failures of past attempts of curriculum implementation, every member of the community has an opinion on this significant shift in the way Australia thinks of its children’s education (Rudd, 2007). The Australian Curriculum however, has attempted to provide answers to these misgivings and societal concern, from an easy to use website interface, transparent developmental process and state/ territory inclusion of common educational individualities. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of the Australian Curriculum or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Australian Curriculums development has been that of promise and hopeful success (Brady Kennedy, 2010). The Australian Curriculum should make it easier for teachers to incorporate community and student centred learning opportunities within the classroom, whilst allowing for additional time and streamlining of assessment procedures, due to a short and precise teacher focused curriculum document. Therefore the current Australian Curriculum process is the best opportunity for the development and implementation of a world class curriculum that enables Australia’s future leaders to compete in a globalised world (MCEETYA, 2008; Shelly Gunther Gunther, 2012). Definition of curriculum Definitions of curriculum are numerous and often believed to be conflicting. This can be especially so when delineated by the intended purpose of the curriculum as well as individual bias from specific stakeholders. Wiles (2005) lists varying definitions for four common curriculum purposes; curriculum as a plan, as subject matter, as an experience and as an outcome (appendix 1). Upon analysing these purpose related definitions it could be argued that each different definition ultimately alters the detail of what can be generally deciphered as a common intent, with individual stakeholder inclusions of specific content. Hutchins (as cited in Wiles, 2005) (appendix 1), when defining curriculum as a subject matter explains that curriculum should consist of grammar, logic, mathematics and the greatest books of the western world. In contrast Bestor (as cited in Wiles, 2005) includes the study of grammar, literature and writing, mathematics and the ‘mother tongue’ as the basis for his definition. As a result both academics can be seen to desire the same thing, extensive discipline based study; however have both included individualities perceived important to themselves. In order to define its intent, the Australian Curriculum has attempted to simplify the term curriculum through an explanation of purpose and intent. The Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012a) simply define the Australian Curriculum as â€Å"†¦ what all students should learn as they progress through school †¦ † [as a] â€Å"†¦ foundation for their future learning, growth and active participation in the Australian Community† (para. 2). Through the defining of the curriculums purpose, the Australian Curriculum encompasses such academic inclusions of definition as noted by Wiles (2005) within its structure. As subject matter, the Australian Curriculum has included a discipline-based method of curriculum encompassing twelve learning areas with nationally significant individualities, through the incorporation of ‘Cross Curricular Priorities’. As a plan the Australian Curriculum has included ‘General Capabilities’ that ensure student future success with identified essential skills such as information and computer technology capability, ethics and intercultural understanding; amongst others (ACARA, 2012b) (appendix 2). Thus, the Australian Curriculum has defined itself as an individual curriculum idea through the incorporation of multiple intents within its structure. Development of the Australian Curriculum and curriculum models related to this development Since as early as 1980, numerous attempts at the development of a National Curriculum with varying levels of support and enacted implementation have been made (Brady Kennedy, 2010). The Australian political structure and the level of authority the federal government has over state/territory and independent organisations over educational policy, may have been a contributing factor for this lack of committed development and intended eventual nationwide implementation (Marsh, 2010). Learning from previous governments’ attempts implementing a national curriculum, the federal government from 2009, enacted a series of shaping reforms, with the aim of successfully gaining support and legal authority over the implementation of a national curriculum (Marsh, 2010). The request for state/territory appointed representatives, statements of open consultation in development, through to what Brady and Kennedy (2010) refer to as ‘hard policy’, including the establishment of ACARA as a statutory body over all manner of educational policy and the linking of funding repercussions to the implementation of the Australian Curriculum (Schools Assistance Bill, National Education Agreement) has led to all educational organisations agreeing to the use of the impending curriculum documents. Brady and Kennedy (2010) state that no single form of curriculum model is commonly used by developers, therefore using specific components of different models and designing a process that works for the organisation or individuals intent. As such the Australian Curriculum developers have appeared to take such an approach. With the foundation of a Naturalistic model of development, including the use of discussion, interaction and negotiation of developers and stakeholders, the Australian Curriculum developers have additionally used a fundamental aspect of an Objectives model of development (Brady Kennedy, 2010). The use of defined standards or content descriptions (Objectives model) as depicted by the national curriculum has been incorporated both after initial targeted discussion between stakeholders and before final consultation prior to publication (ACARA, 2008). As a consequence the important developmental principles of curriculum development as described by Marsh (2010) that all decision making in the development of an Australian Curriculum is transparent whilst alleviating societies concern over a discipline-based curriculum was met by the initial and ongoing consultation being undertaken. Structure of the Australian Curriculum The Australian Curriculum has been published on the Internet in order to allow maximum flexibility in viewing and the organisation of content. As such the interface is user friendly and easy to understand. The Australian Curriculum is currently broken down to cover four subject areas with an additional eight areas to follow from 2013 (ACARA, 2012a; MCEETYA, 2008). Each subject area is broken down into year levels encompassing Foundation to year ten (with eventual inclusion of years eleven and twelve). In order to differentiate different subject sub topics; strands and sub strands have been developed to allow focus of content descriptions (statements of required student learning). You read "An Analysis of the Australian Curriculum" in category "Essay examples" English for example covers three interrelated strands; language, literacy and literature, with content descriptions grouped into sub strands, which enable the visual identification of development of knowledge, understanding and skills (ACARA, 2012f). Content descriptions are then listed, which describe the required learning that students must be exposed to within each subject, strand and sub strand. The content descriptions provide detailed information of learning opportunities, cross curriculum opportunities and a glossary of terms. Additionally digital resource information is also available that relates to each relevant content description. A wealth of information for educators, parents and the general community is available on the internet for the Australian Curriculum, including student work samples of content description attainment, which may negate any uncertainty surrounding student expected learning and eventual assessment practices the curriculum requires. Complimenting the subject areas and included content descriptions are cross curriculum priorities. ACARA (2012e) states that these priorities of, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander history and culture, Asia and Australia’s engagement with Asia and sustainability, will enable student relevance and address the issues that the students will face throughout their lives. The opportunities for inclusion of cross curricular priorities are embedded within the subjects curriculum documents where appropriate, however with differing levels of relevance for individual subjects (ACARA, 2012e). The Melbourne Declaration (MCEETYA, 2008), incorporated a set of seven general capabilities that were deemed important for student future success by acting as a foundation for current and future learning. Student capabilities include literacy, numeracy, information and communication technology competence, critical and creative thinking, ethical behaviour, personal and social competence and intercultural understanding (ACARA, 2012b). Again it is seen that these basic capabilities will enable student success in a globalised workforce by enabling competiveness through the inclusion of 21st century needs of today’s students. Australian Curriculum in relation to the needs of 21st Century learners In the Federal governments’ educational reform document, The Melbourne Declaration (MCEETYA, 2008), the diverse needs of 21st Century students were acknowledged and a series of objectives established. The world is becoming ever more globalised with international mobility and competitiveness at the forefront (MCEETYA, 2008; Shelly et al, 2012). Therefore the Australian Curriculum set to include a series of â€Å"general capabilities† (ACARA, 2012b) that would enable student future success by acting as a foundation of current and future learning. In addition, the inclusion of Information and computer technology (ICT) as a cross-subject enhancement tool, in order to address the needs of students of a digital age has also been included. The Melbourne Declaration (MCEETYA, 2008) defines ICT as â€Å"essential in all 21st Century occupations† (p. 5). Within the realm of ICT as a learning tool, educators are able to create authentic and meaningful learning opportunities across all subjects, as well as allowing the successful inclusion of differing learning styles of students through the use of digital resources such as podcasts, speech to text applications and web resources, amongst many others (Shelly et al, 2012). The Australian Curriculum provides these opportunities throughout and are indicated were appropriate throughout the content descriptions. The Australian Curriculum has set to include all students regardless of gender, race, socio-economic status and language ability the opportunity to succeed with the Australian Curriculum and provide them the best chance to be successful contributors to society (ACARA, 2012d). Teachers are able to make professional judgements on how to teach and assess the knowledge required to be learnt (ACARA, 2012d). Teachers are provided the flexibility to adjust the delivery of content to the needs of individual students to allow for maximum learning successes. Comparison of Australian Curriculum to local (state) and international models Prior to the publication of the Australian Curriculum in English, Mathematics, history and science, the Northern Territory was using a curriculum document titled Northern Territory Curriculum Framework (NTCF). The NTCF is vastly different in design to that produced by ACARA due to the NTCF being an outcome based curriculum model compared to the Australian Curriculums assessment of student achievement against explicit learning area achievement standards (NTCF, 2012). Similarities do exist between both the NTCF and Australian Curriculum incorporating a set of desired student personal attributes called EsseNTial Learnings in the NTCF document and General Capabilities within the Australian Curriculum documents. Both the NTCF and Australian Curriculums goals in the development of these personal development outcomes were to prepare students to be valuable members of the community and successfully contribute in a competitive globalised world (ACARA, 2012b; NTCF, 2012). The similarities in curriculum content continue through to the structure of subject content and related standards and outcomes of achievement. The Australian Curriculum content description for Mathematics – Foundation – Statistics and Probability, states that â€Å"[students] answer yes or no to questions to collect information† (ACARA, 2012c). In contrast, the NTCF outcome for Mathematics – Chance and Data, Key Growth Point two for foundation, states â€Å"learners use everyday language to state opinions on the possibility of a given event occurring† (NTCF, 2012). Although the similarities in content within both the Australian Curriculum and Northern Territory Curriculum Framework are many, the difference in detail and length of the documents is significant. As noted by Kevin Rudd in the document titled New Directions for our schools (Rudd, 2007), state and territory curriculum organisations tend to develop curriculum documents that are far to detailed than necessary. This is especially evident when comparing the NTCF’s Australian Curriculum document implemented in semester two 2012. A quick glance clearly indicates the substantial difference as the original NTCF mathematics document consists of 130 pages compared to that of the NTCFs Australian Curriculum implemented document totalling six pages for transition to year ten levels (Appendix 3 – further comparison of current NTCF and NTCF Australian Curriculum documents). Thus the simplification of the documents may lead to teacher instructional enhancement and clearer levels of required attainment, enhancing student success working with the curriculum. Conclusion The Australian Curriculum is an extensive yet precise document detailing what is essential for student learning to enable success in the future. The Australian Curriculum has invented itself as a transparent holistic educational document with a clear purpose and intent. Additionally, the Australian Curriculum has learnt from the errors of past attempts at a national curriculum and incorporated soft and hard policy (Brady Kennedy, 2010) that enforces the use and implementation of the document nationally. By incorporating an online presence with a thoughtful inclusion of student needs for success in the 21st century through the development of cross curricular priorities and general capabilities, the Australian Curriculum is enabling student success in a soon to be Asian dominated globalised world (MCEETYA, 2008). The Australian Curriculum has incorporated what is deemed significant throughout Australia’s diverse individual curriculums and indeed created a document that shares a common intent for education specifically with the Northern Territory Curriculum Framework. The Australian Curriculum is at the precipice of complete national implementation. Only time will tell if it is successful in its attempts at creating a world class curriculum for Australia’s leaders of tomorrow (MCEETYA, 2008). References Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2008, July 17). Professor Barry McGaw AO, welcome address, Queensland Consultation Forum [Streaming video]. Retrieved from http://www. acara. edu. au/news_media/vodcasts . html Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012a). Overview. Retrieved from http://www. australiancurriculum. edu. au/Curriculum/Overview Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012b). General capabilities in the Australian Curriculum. Retrieved from http://www. australiancurriculum. edu. au/File/85028d2c-d680-402b-84c7- 9fdd00ecac82. Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012c). Foundation to Year 10 Curriculum (Mathematics). Retrieved from http://www. australiancurriculum . edu. au/Mathematics/Curriculum/F-10 Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012d). Diversity of learners. Retrieved from http://www. australiancurriculum. edu. au/Mathematics/ Diversity-of-learners Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012e). Cross Curriculum priorities. Retrieved from http://www. australiancurriculum. edu. au/CrossCurriculumPriorities Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012f). Content Structure (English). Retrieved from http://www. australiancurriculum. edu. au/English/ Content-structure Brady, L. Kennedy, K. (2010). Curriculum Construction (4th ed). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson. Marsh, C. (2010). Becoming a teacher: Knowledge, Skills and Issues (5th ed). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson. McMillan, J. (2010). Classroom Assessment: Principles and Practise for Effective Standards- Based Instruction. Boston, USA: Pearson Education. Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs (MCEETYA) (2008). Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians. Melbourne, Australia: MCEETYA. Northern Territory Curriculum Framework (NTCF). 2012). Retrieved from http://www. det. nt. gov. au/teachers-educators/curriculum-ntbos Rudd. , K, Smith. , S. (2007). New Directions for our schools. Canberra, Australia: Australian Labour Party. Shelly, G. , Gunther, G. , Gunther, R. (2012). Teachers discovering computers: Integrating technology in a connected world (7th ed). Boston, USA: Cengage. Wiles, J. (2005). Curriculum essentials: a resource for educators (2nd ed). Boston, USA: Pearson. Appendix 1 Wiles (2005) definitions of curriculum: Curriculum as Subject Matter The Curriculum should consist of permanent studies-the rules of grammar, reading, rhetoric and logic, mathematics and, at the secondary level, the greatest books of the western World (Robert Hutchins) The Curriculum must consist essentially of disciplined study in five areas: command of the mother tongue and systematic study of grammar, literature and writing, mathematics, the sciences, history and foreign language. (Arthur Bestor) The Curriculum should consist entirely of knowledge that comes from the disciplines (Philip Phenix) A Curriculum is a written document. George Beauchamp) Curriculum as a Plan The Curriculum is a planned program of learning opportunities to achieve broad educational goals and related objectives. (William Alexander) The Curriculum is all the learning of students that is planned by and directed by the school to attain its educational goals. (Ralph Tyler) The Curriculum is (a set of) planned and guided learning experiences for the learners’ continuous a nd wilful growth†¦ (Daniel and Laura Tanner) A Curriculum is a plan for learning. (Hilda Taba) Curriculum as an Experience A Curriculum is those experiences set up by the school for the purpose of disciplining students and youth in group ways of thinking and acting. (B. O. Smith, William Stanley, and Harlan Shores) The Curriculum is generally considered to be all the experiences that learners have under the auspices of the school. (Ronald Doll) The Curriculum is that series of things students and youth must do and experience. (Franklin Bobbitt) The Curriculum is the life and program of the school†¦ n enterprise in guided living. (Harold Rugg) Curriculum as an Outcome The Curriculum is a planned learning outcome for which the school is responsible (James Popham and Henry Baker) The Curriculum is a structured set of learning outcomes (objectives) resulting from instruction. (k. Howell, S. Fox, and K. Morehead) Appendix 1 Curriculum is concerned not with what students will do in the learning situation, but with what they will learn as a consequence of what they do. Curriculu m is concerned with results. (Maurice Johnson) Appendix 2 General Capabilities of the Australian Curriculum (ACARA, 2012b) Retrieved from http://www. australiancurriculum. edu. au/File/85028d2c-d680-402b-84c7-9fdd00ecac82 Appendix 3 Comparison of Northern Territory Curriculum Framework (NTCF) and NTCF Australian Curriculum document. Figure 1: Demonstrates the amount of additional detail the NTCF document includes, in comparison to the NTCFs new Australian Curriculum document implemented in July 2012 (Note: NTCF does not have an independent History Curriculum) (ACARA, 2012; NTCF, 2012) How to cite An Analysis of the Australian Curriculum, Essay examples

Oedipus Essay Essays - Oedipus, Jocasta, Sophocles, Operas

Oedipus Essay Oedipus Essay (Fate) Sophocles ?Oedipus the King? is a tragic play which discusses the tragic discovery of Oedipus that he has killed his father and married his mother. The story of Oedipus was well known to the athenian's. Oedipus is the embodiement of the perfect Athenian. He is self-confident, intelligent, and strong willed. Ironically these are the very traits which bring about his tragic discovery. Oedipus gained the rule of Thebes by answering the riddle of Sphinx. Sophocles used the riddle of the sphinx as a metaphor for the 3 phases of Oedipus' life and to futher characterized him as a tragic man. The Sphinx posed the following riddle to all who came to obtain the rule of thebes: ?What is it that walks on 4 feet and 2 feet and 3 feet and has only one voice, when it walks on most feet it is the weakest Oedipus correctly answered ?Man? and became the king of Thebes. This riddle is a metaphor for the life of Oedipus. As a child man crawls on his hands and knees this is the four feet to which the Sphinx refers. Also man is at his weakest as a small child. He depends solely on others for his nourishment and well being. Oedipus was the child of Jocasta and King Laius who was taken to the mountain by a shepard to be killed so the omen of the god apollo that Laius' son would kill him and lay with Jocasta would not come true. Oedipus was the weakest of his life at this point. If it has not been for the shepard spairing his life and giving him to Polybus to raise as his own Oedipus would have died. Man walks on 2 feet when he has matured. This is a metaphor for Oedipus when he reaches adulthood and leaves Corinth to escape the oracle. Oedipus meets up with a band of travelers and in a rage kills them. Inadvertently Oedipus has killed his own father. Oedipus then answers the riddle of the sphinx and becomes king of Thebes. By becoming king of Thebes he marries Jocasta the Queen of thebes and his own mother. Many years later after bearing children with Jocasta a plague kills many of the inhabitants of Thebes. Oedipus is told by the gods to find the killer of Laius. He is very dilligent in the inquiriy and finally comes to the horrible truth that he himself is the murderer. Jocasta kills herself at the horrible realization that she has layed with her son and Oedipus puts out his eyes at finally seeing the truth. This fulfills the final part of the Sphinx's riddle for Oedipus will have to walk with a cane for the rest of his life because of his blindness, this will give him the 3 f eet which man walks with at the end of his years. Oedipus used his intellect and diligence to answer the riddle of the Sphinx. Many of the most intelligent young men of thebes has been killed attempting to answer the riddle but Oedipus proved his intelligence superior to theirs. Oedipus uses the same intelligence and perseverence to find the killer of Laius. He does not give up his search even when Jocasta warns him to stop and let the matter rest. He calls the shepard and interrogates him till he discovers the horrifying truth that he is the killer. Oedipus' intelligence was ultimately his flaw. Also, if Oedipus had not had been as coarageous he would have have never ventured to answer the riddle of the Sphinx. Thus even though he had killed his father he would have never become king of Thebes and laid with his mother. In addition, if Oedipus had had the courage but not the intelligence the Spinx would have killed him for answering the riddle incorrectly. Sophocles used this to characterized Oedipus as a tragic man for he came abou t his tragic discovery not because of an evil act or an evil trait but because of the person he was. Oedipus traits which gave him riches and power ultimately led to his tragic ending. Also, the god apollo did not predestine that Oedipus would kill his father and marry his

Egyptian Pyramids Essays - Giza Plateau, New Age, Free Essays

Egyptian Pyramids Essays - Giza Plateau, New Age, Free Essays Egyptian Pyramids The Egyptian pyramids have been the subjects of many outlandish claims and construction theories for centuries. The Great Pyramid for example has been associated with pyramid power, curses, Atlantis, the Bermuda Triangle, Biblical prophecy, Martian faces, advanced civilizations, space aliens, cavity resonators, and even levitation. It is not surprising that some that have proposed such theories have been dubbed pyramidiots. This paper will attempt to give a more logical solution to the methods ancient Egyptians may have had used, and the problems they may have had, using factual information, scientific evidence and a bit of common sense. It is time for a rational explanation of how the pyramids were constructedan explanation that relies on nothing extraordinary, technologically advanced, paranormal, supernatural, mystical, psychic, or extraterrestrial powers. The Egyptian pyramid's aesthetic beauty, its geometrical shape, its complex system of internal features, and the precision of its construction beckon us to search for a design scheme. It seems unlikely that the builders would have undertaken such a monumental construction project without a comprehensive plan. Unfortunately, no records, plans, blueprints, or direct accounts of the pyramid's construction have survived. There is no inscriptions or texts, and the names of the architects remain unknown. There is no way of knowing exactly how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids, in a time of only primitive tools, and at best only simple machinery. There are many theories of how the Egyptians gained their knowledge of math and science to build these amazing structures. The blocks used to build the pyramids are composed of granite and or limestone; each single block has an estimated weight of approximately two and a half tons. Each block would to have been quarried or cut, and then hauled to the work site, and eventually placed in the correct position. The Egyptians had an amazing understanding of math, which helped them plan the erection of the pyramid, but the only driving force behind them was manpower. The actual people who built the pyramids were all voluntary workers; they were not slaves contrary to popular belief. New archaeological evidence shows that those who dragged and laid these two and a half ton granite slabs were condemned to an early grave, and they died with deformed bones and broken limbs. An Egyptian excavation recently uncovered the burial ground of hundreds of workers who helped to build the great pyramid for King Cheops 4500 years ago. Originally over one hundred and forty six meters high, it is the tallest of the three famous pyramids at Giza near the Nile delta. The workers burial ground is one kilometer west of the pyramid, close to their living quarters. Zahi Hawass, the Egyptian archaeologist leading the excavation says that most of the workers skeletons have abnormal outgrowths known as osteophytes, which are caused by chronic heavy labor. The joints of numerous bones show wear and tear and many bodies have damaged spines. Six skeletons have severed limbs or splintered feet. Workers died on average between the ages of thirty and thirty-five, compared to between fifty and sixty for members of nobility. They literally worked themselves to death, says Hawass. This evidence shows they did in fact use human power in the construction of pyramids but it does not explain how a group of men were able to lift a two and a half ton piece of rock. It also does not explain how these rocks were carried from the quarry, or how it was lifted up the pyramid, as it became taller. If one was to build a pyramid today assuming the slabs were already cut and ready to put together the fastest and easiest way to move them would be a crane. In order to get an exact placement of the slab it would take the crane nearly one day to position itself and drop the block in place. The pyramid Khufu has about two million three hundred thousand stone blocks; its dimensions are four hundred eighty one feet in height, seven hundred fifty six feet in length and its base covering a little over thirteen acres. The pyramid is a geometrical wonder it is absolutely level and perfectly square, the mathematical skills of the people are not at all contested, but

5 Non-Fiction Writing Tips for Authors - Writing Tips with Proofed

5 Non-Fiction Writing Tips for Authors - Writing Tips with Proofed 5 Non-Fiction Writing Tips for Authors It’s a little ambitious to talk about â€Å"non-fiction writing† in general. After all, â€Å"non-fiction† technically covers everything from school textbooks to deeply personal memoirs. But we’ve come up with a few tips that we think can help anyone who wants to become a non-fiction author. 1. Read, Read, Read! As with any kind of writing, the first step to becoming an author is to become a voracious reader. Heres a few books to get you started. Think about your favorite non-fiction books and what makes them great. Dip into some of the classic non-fiction works to expand your horizons. Find out what you enjoy reading, then use that as a starting point to develop your own authorial voice. 2. Types of Non-Fiction There are many different types of non-fiction. Some major varieties include: Academic textbooks Biographies and memoirs Manuals and technical guides Travelogues Recipe books Self-help guides Popular history and science books This isn’t a complete list by any means! If you want to write a dictionary, for example, you can do that too. The point is that, once you know the type of non-fiction you want to write, you should check out how other books in the same genre are written so you know what you’re up against! 3. Pick a Topic and Do Your Research Eventually, you’ll have to pick something you want to write about. Ideally, this will be something that you already know or care passionately about. This will make it easier once the hard work of doing research begins (e.g., reading existing books, searching news archives, interviewing people). But maybe you’ve always known that you want to write a book about toasters. And maybe you’re already an expert on heating bread. That’s a great start! But you still need to check your information and organize your research so you know what to include in your book. A basic model. Uneven browning. 4 out of 10. 4. Getting Creative? Non-fiction doesn’t have to be dry in order to be factual. In fact, some of the best non-fiction is exciting and emotive, making the reader feel like they are part of the action! The key to this is sticking to the facts, but also using a literary style to engage your reader. And you can apply creative non-fiction techniques to any genre, so if you want to style yourself as the Hunter S. Thompson of vegan recipe books, go for it! 5. Keep It Simple Unless you’re writing for a specialist audience, try to keep your language easy to understand. You might be an expert on your chosen topic, but the average reader won’t be. Think about who you’re writing for before you begin. And don’t be afraid to ask for feedback from non-experts while you’re working. It will make sure you get your ideas across effectively!

Decision Making, Decision Levels and Types of Problems Term Paper

Decision Making, Decision Levels and Types of Problems - Term Paper Example There are different levels of decision making and types of problems, different types of problems include semi-structured problem, structured problem, and unstructured problem. For every type of problem, there is a different level of decision to be taken and there is a different solution for each type of problem. Normally structured problem as easily solved as compared to the semi-structured and unstructured problems, the reason for that the problem identification is easy because the problem is well structured. The process through which humans resolve and perceive the distance between a current situation and a decided goal is called the problem-solving process. A person has to first identify the obstacles which he or she will face to reach the desired goal and after analytical thinking, a person can overcome these hurdles. (Hicks, 2004) When humans find a solution to a specific problem, they store this information in their memories to use them for future situations. When we closely analyze then we come to know that the steps involved in both decision making and problem-solving are identical and sometimes we use these terms interchangeably. (Skyttner, 2005) The purpose of the input phase is to have a clear understanding of a particular situation; we first recognize the problem or set of problems so that we have a clear picture in our mind. By identifying a problem means that we know to the distance between a present situation and our desired goal. The identification process of any problem is very important to talk to our selves and others. Normally we face four common types of situations. (Adair, 2007) 1. A situation in which we know that something is wrong and we need to correct it. 2. A situation in which we perceive something to be a real threat and we have to prevent it from happening. 3. A situation in which we simply accept the needs and invitations. 4. A situation in which we see something is really missing and it should be provided.     

Business Models for High Tech Products Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business Models for High Tech Products - Essay Example This ensured that the advertisement did not interfere with the client’s search results. Furthermore Google’s paid advertisements were clearly identifiable given a sponsored tag placed with them unlike other search engines where paid and unpaid advertisements were placed together. The use of an uncluttered scheme to represent the advertisement ensured that Google’s advertisement scheme gained more prominence than other similar schemes. Moreover Google’s advertisements were placed based on the client’s fiscal provision as well as based on the advertisement’s popularity (based on links and back links to the advertisement). The customer could easily figure out the advertisement and pay as much as they wanted for it offering unrivalled ease. Similarly the later affiliate marketing campaign by Google was similar in its simplicity, ease of use and credibility. These chief exponents have been used by Google to generate new business trends over and ov er again. Google’s example reflects that ethical business decision making pays in the longer run and it also serves to show that the people at the helm of affairs have a direct impact on critical business decision making. Future Course of Action Google is already supporting a strong business model that is based largely on ethical practices which are otherwise uncommon in contemporary online search engines. Another thing that makes Google far more powerful is the relevance of the advertisements placed by Google based on the search terms used by the client. Though the exact algorithm or the combination of algorithms is as yet unknown to most people and developers, but it is obvious that it works. It is time that Google expands based on its current market standing and reputation into newer global markets. Google is not only capable of such expansion but possesses certain advantages in comparison to other large giants such as MSN, Yahoo and Facebook. One of the tools that will pr opel Google in the future is its Translate feature that is well capable of performing searches in native languages though it has not yet been implemented. When it comes to emerging markets such as India and Brazil, no one is a clear winner as yet largely because clients are forced to seek answers to searches in English which is not a native language. It is time that Google banked on its power as a â€Å"mighty crawler† and took over the global search scenario along with the indigenous English search scenario. Once Google can dominate its search market internationally, it has all the more chance of providing advertisements in native languages and this in turn will mean all the more revenue for Google. Moreover performance has shown that Google’s algorithm is far more powerful than those of Facebook or Yahoo when it comes to placing advertisements with relevance. Google should bank on its search capabilities as a primary tool while developing smaller business concerns su ch as Talk, Translate, Gmail and the like. Symbian Trends to Date Symbian has represented an overwhelming influence in the global telecommunications market especially in terms of handsets manufactured by a number of manufacturers such as Nokia, Motorola, BenQ, LG and Samsung. For some time in the early years, Symbian could be seen as the de facto industrial standard for manufacturing telecommunication operating systems. However Symbian has effectively lost its lead when it comes to the contemporary handset market

Christopher Marlowes The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doc

Christopher Marlowe's The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus For a play that has retained much of its scholarly value over the four hundred and ten years, there is surprisingly little known about Christopher Marlowe’s masterpiece, The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus. The date of its first performance is unknown, and is highly obscured by the added facts that there are two texts of Doctor Faustus, one published in 1604; the other in 1616 (Ribner viii). Christopher Marlowe, even in these early times, set a standard for tragic plays, which would not be rivaled until Shakespeare unleashed his literary landmarks at around the same time Marlowe’s career ended. Despite the lack of specifics on this seminal work, it is still easy to feel the pain Christopher Marlowe wished to convey with this text. Within the rich dialogue of The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, Christopher Marlowe attempts to communicate a personal struggle; both emotional and spiritual, between what Marlowe views as human nature and what the world views as God’s desires for man, and the overwhelming feelings of loss which accompany this struggle. Doctor Faustus is a play that thrives primarily on the discourses that abound throughout its length. In the dialogue between the two main characters, Doctor Faustus himself, and the demon Mephistophilis, one finds almost the entirety of the play. Doctor Faustus â€Å"†¦is a man who of his own conscious willfulness brings tragedy and torment crashing down on his head†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Cole 191). Faustus finds himself melancholic with the pursuit of knowledge he has thus far attained, commenting: â€Å"Be a physician, Faustus; heap up gold, And be eternized for some wonderous cure†¦ Why, Faustus, hast thou not attained that end? Is it not thy common talk sound aphorisms?† (Ribner 5) He has grown sick of the pursuit of knowledge as he sees it, and believing himself to have become educated in all of the worlds major subjects, seeks the power of God himself (Ellis-Fermor, 74). Through the art of conjuring spirits, commenting, â€Å"†¦A sound magician is a mighty God†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ribner 7). The human lust for power has reached a new height in Faustus, and to attain what he desires, the easiest means are demonic. On his way to making the decision to enlist infernal forces in his quest for power, Faustus is prodded by friends, Valdes and ... ...ssey Press, 1966. Masinton, Charles G. Christopher Malowe’s Tragic Vision, a Study in Damnation. Athens: Ohio University Press. 1972. Thomas, Vivien, and Tydeman, William, ed. Christopher Marlowe : the Plays and Their Sources. London ; New York : Routledge, 1994. Sharma, Jitendra Kumar. Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus : a Criticism. New Delhi : Sterling Publishers Private, 1985. Marcus, Leah Sinanoglou. Unediting the Renaissance : Shakespeare, Marlowe, Milton. London ; New York : Routledge, 1996. Ellis-Fermor, Una Mary. â€Å"Faustus†. Christopher Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus, Text and Major Criticism. ed. Irving Ribner. New York: The Odyssey Press, 1966. Kirschbaum, Leo. â€Å"Marlowe’s Faustus: A Reconsideration†. Christopher Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus, Text and Major Criticism. ed. Irving Ribner. New York: The Odyssey Press, 1966. Dabbs, Thomas. Reforming Marlowe : The Nineteenth Century Canonization of a Renaissance Dramatist. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press ; London : Associated University Presses, 1991. Aquinas, St. Thomas. â€Å"On the eternity of the world (De Aeternitate Mundi)†. Trans. Vollert, Cyril. Milwaukee, Marquette University Press, 1964.

Economic vale added

Corporations continue to use a variety of measures to gauge their financial performance for many years. Economic value added (EVA) has been Introduced as a very effective performance measurement and strategic assessment tool. One of the reasons why EVA is such a powerful instrument is that it is linked to market value added (MBA), which is the definite indicator of a company's wealth creation. Another reason for using EVA is that it is the only dependable and precise continuous improvement method available.Economic value added is the term that Stern Stewart & Co. Coined for Its particular variety of economic profit and gain that remains after levying a charge against â€Å"After Tax Operating profits† for the opportunity cost of all capital used to produce those profits. Many corporate managers have mistakenly been focusing on conventional accounting profits, which include a deduction for interest payments on debt but have no provision at all for the cost of equity capital. Ma rket value added measures the level of wealth creation.It beats out all other measures because it is the deference between â€Å"Cash In and Cash Out†, I. E. , between how much capital investors put Into a company and what they could get out by selling at today's market price. As such, MBA Is the cumulative amount by which a company has enhanced or diminished shareholder wealth. It is the best external measure of company performance because it captures the market's assessment of the effectiveness in how company's managers have used their resources.Within the scope of this study, the role of economic value added in financial theory, and the relationship between market value added, market value and economic value added have been Investigated. Empirical study around the market value added, market value, economic value added, traditional measures such as net Income, earnings per share, return on assets and return on equity have been employed with the data taken from 89 Istanbul S tock Exchange companies, over a period 1 996 – 2005.Additionally, Regression and Factor Analysis are applied to find the high reference firms and industries as well as value drivers pertaining the firms taken up In this study. It has been determined that market value and market value added have lower association with economic value added in comparison to the measures of earnings such as net operating profit after tax and net income. Moreover, when the annual changes in the variables are taken into consideration, association level of EVA to MBA and NV is weaker than the net operating profit after tax and net income.However, economic value added is a more powerful management tool than traditional performance measures Like earnings per share, return on assets and return on equity In measuring firm financial performance In SIS regarding the period of 1996 – 2005. Moreover, In order to determine the value drivers In Istanbul Stock Exchange financial characteristics have bee n investigated. A weak correlation between market value added, market value and internal financial measures were determined. The impact of macroeconomic factors on the market value added and market value has also been investigated.It has been concluded that inflation and treasury bill rates have a negative correlation, while gross domestic/national product and money supply/net international reserves have a positive correlation with market value added and market value of the Istanbul Stock Exchange industrial firms. Furthermore, Porter's value philosophy has been discussed to investigate the competitiveness and value creation of Turkish companies and industries. Keywords: Market value added, market value, economic value added

Stock Exchange - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5463 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION: The stock exchange is a kind of capital market which helps to companies to raise funds not to make profit from it. Stock exchange is having its own identity worldwide. It gives a platform for giant companies as well as small enterprises to extend their power in the international market. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stock Exchange" essay for you Create order The exchange also provides a highly active and efficient market for dealing in wide range of securities for e.g. debts, equities, exchange traded funds, contracts for differences, depository receipts. Each country is having its own stock markets which inspires the countries economy and helps each other for extending their strength through shares, bonds, equities etc. Mainly the research is focused on the Alternative investment market of London. AIM, Alternative Investment Market is another concept of stock market which was introduced in the 19th century. The Alternative Investment Market (AIM) has established itself as the worlds leading stock market for young growing companies in UK affecting the global connection between different markets. As it is the growing market it affects the international dealings. As per the research we have to mull over of Indian stock market and London Stock exchange. They are as follows: London Stock Exchange Alternative Investment Market ( London) Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange The comparison of these markets will help to understand the role of these markets in the world economy. This will also give focus on research aim. RESEARCH TOPIC: The research topic for the dissertation is ‘EMERGENCE OF ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT MARKET (AIM) IN INDIA. This topic will help to understand and extend the knowledge of stock market. Also give idea of the London stock exchange and Indian stock exchange which will defiantly helps out in the future. RESEARCH PURPOSE The main purpose of this research is to find out whether AIM can create good opportunity for new budding Indian companies to expand more and whether it can help to raise funds for such expansions. Also it gives a brief scenario of AIM London and the working of Indian stock market. Research study will also help us to understand the reason behind the growing Alternative Investment Market of London. The Research proposal is divided to understand the research topic clearly in different chapters. These chapters are as follows: CHAPTERS: LITERATURE REVIEW: In this chapter there is deep study of all the stock markets in London and in India i.e. London stock exchange, Alternative investment market London, Bombay stock exchange, national stock exchange. The different views given by different authors will help to explain the all stock markets understandable. Also it will consist of SWOT analysis for AIM to understand the growth of that market. The brief explanation of these markets is as follows: BSE Bombay Stock Exchange: Three centuries in its 133 years of continuation and now popularly known as BSE. It was established as The Native Share Stock Brokers Association in 1875. BSE is the first stock exchange in India which obtained permanent recognition (in 1956) from the Government of India under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956. BSEs pivotal and pre-eminent role in the development of the Indian capital market is widely recognized. It migrated from the open outcry system to an online screen-based order driven trading system in 1995. Earlier an Association of Persons (AOP), BSE is now a corporatized and demutualised entity incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956, pursuant to the BSE (Corporatization and Demutualization) Scheme, 2005 notified by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). With demutualization, BSE is having two of worlds best exchanges, Deutsche Borse and Singapore Exchange, as its strategic partners. By providing it with an efficient access to resources, BSE has facilitated the growth of the Indian corporate sector. BSE is the strongest stock market in India that shows the dominance on corporate sector which needs to raise the capital with the support of these market. Today, BSE is the worlds number 1 exchange in terms of the number of listed companies and the worlds 5th in transaction numbers. The market capitalization as on December 31, 2007 stood at USD 1.79 trillion. An investor can choose from more than 4,700 listed companies, which for easy reference, are classified into A, B, S, T and Z groups. BSE provides an efficient and transparent market for trading in equity, debt instruments and derivatives. It has a nation-wide reach with a presence in more than 359 cities and towns of India. BSE has always been at par with the international standards. The systems and processes are designed to safeguard market integrity and enhance transparency in operations. NSE National Stock Exchange: The National Stock Exchange of India Limited has genesis in the report of the High Powered Study Group on Establishment of New Stock Exchanges, which recommended promotion of a National Stock Exchange by financial institutions (FIs) to provide access to investors from all across the country on an equal footing. Based on the recommendations, NSE was promoted by leading Financial Institutions at the behest of the Government of India and was incorporated in November 1992 as a tax-paying company unlike other stock exchanges in the country. On its recognition as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 in April 1993, NSE commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment in June 1994. The Capital Market (Equities) segment commenced operations in November 1994 and operations in Derivatives segment commenced in June 2000.Currently, NSE has the following major segments of the capital market: Equity Futures and Options Retail Debt Market Wholesale Debt Market Currency futures LSE London Stock Exchange: The London Stock Exchange is one of the worlds oldest stock exchanges and can trace its history back more than 300 years. Starting life in the coffee houses of 17th century London, the Exchange quickly grew to become the Citys most important financial institution. Over the centuries following, the Exchange has consistently led the way in developing a strong, well-regulated stock market and today lies at the heart of the global financial community. The London Stock Exchange was founded in Sweetings Alley in London in 1801. It moved to Capel Court the following year. In 1972 the Exchange moved to a new purpose-built building and trading floor in Threadneedle Street. Deregulation, sometimes known as big bang, came in 1986 and external ownership of member firms was allowed for the first time. In 1995 the Alternative Investment Market was launched and in 2004 the Exchange moved again, this time to Paternoster Square. Nasdaq built up a stake of over 30% in the Exchan ge in 2007 in a failed attempt to acquire it. It has since sold its investment. In 2007 the Exchange acquired the Milan-based Borsa Italiana for 1.6bn euros ( £1.1bn; $2bn) to form the London Stock Exchange Group plc. The combination was intended to diversify the LSEs product offering and customer base. The all-share deal diluted the stakes of existing LSE shareholders, with Borsa Italiana shareholders receiving new shares representing 28 per cent of the enlarged register. AIM- Alternative Investment Market: AIM is the Exchanges international market for smaller growing companies. On AIM you will find a wide range of businesses ranging from young, venture capital-backed start-ups to well-established, mature organizations looking to expand.   Since its launch in 1995, over 2,500 companies have joined AIM ? raising more than  £60bn in the process, both through initial public offerings (IPOs) and further capital raisings. This capital has helped AIM-quoted companies of all kinds to fund their development and pursue their ambitions. The AIM communities of companies, advisers and investor have been attracted to the market by its outstanding reputation and high standards of regulation. These qualities have established AIM as the international growth market of choice for companies and investors. In 2007,  284 companies joined AIM, raising a total of  £16.1 billion. AIM companies come from 38 sectors and 92 sub-sectors representing  32 countries. International companies increasingly recognize the unparalleled access to the global investment community and capital-raising possibilities that come from having their securities quoted and traded in London. AIM has over 500 companies  operating outside the United Kingdom, and the number is continuing to rise all the time. This international interest reflects the fact that AIM presents an ideal environment for young international companies wishing to use the public markets to fund further expansion and raise their global profile. Genuine investor interest AIM, and the companies on it, benefit from a high public profile and strong interest among a growing and increasingly sophisticated investor base. Investors ranging from private individuals to global institutions regard AIM as an excellent place to find investment opportunities in young, fresh, entrepreneurial and growth-orientated businesses from all over the world ? in short, the companies of the future. Regulation The London Stock Exchange is committed to sustaining AIMs success by ensuring it remains the international growth market of choice for smaller companies. AIMs unique regulatory framework was strengthened by its becoming an Exchange Regulated Market in October 2004. Like the Main Market, AIM enjoys a reputation for effective regulation: the London markets are world-renowned for the fair, firm and responsive way in which they are policed. AIM reflects these qualities to the full, offering a secure yet flexible trading environment for both companies and investors. Reasons for admission The majority of companies coming to AIM are attracted by its offer of a flexible way of entry to life on a public market. As a result, AIM continues to welcome a steady stream of both UK and international companies. International companies The Exchange is a global marketplace. Around 350 companies  from over  50 different countries use a London listing to gain the profile and access to capital they need to grow into truly global companies. They are drawn by the quality of our markets, their depth of liquidity and the sophistication and long-term approach of the institutional investor community in London. AIM offers smaller growing companies all the benefits of being traded on a world-class public market, within a regulatory environment that has been designed specifically to meet their needs. These are some of the reasons why companies join AIM: â€Å"AIM has developed to meet the needs of smaller companies. A flexible approach to regulation and a streamlined admission process make AIM the ideal market for smaller growing companies seeking to develop their business in a supportive environment Phillip Secrett, Corporate Finance Partner, Grant Thornton. Enhanced accessibility AIM is a flexible market that does not stipulate minimum requirements for: company size track record the number of shares in public hands market capitalization Simple admission process AIMs unique approach to company admission through the role of the Nomad ensures that the process is simple, relevant and timely. Nomads are specialists with a deep understanding of the needs and aspirations of companies looking to come to AIM, and are highly experienced in helping them every step of the way to their AIM quotation. Appropriate regulation for smaller companies AIM is renowned worldwide for having a regulatory framework and approach uniquely suited to smaller companies. The AIM Rules do not contain legal or technical jargon, and are designed to be as flexible and comprehensible as possible. The Exchange operates a consultative approach to any changes in the rules governing AIM, and always engages and consults with market participants before putting any modifications into effect. INDIAN COMPANIES LISTED IN LSE The number of Indian companies listed on the London Stock Exchange is expected to jump by 20 per cent, Grant Thornton, a leading business and financial adviser, has predicted. At present 30 Indian companies are listed on the LSE and Grant Thornton is preparing to welcome another six Indian firms to the market, a sign that current economic difficultly in the UK is not dissuading Indian business leaders from raising fund in London. The firms quarterly India Watch, launched in conjunction with the LSE, monitors the UK-India business relationship through both cross border mergers and acquisitions between India and the UK and the performance of Indian firms listed on the LSE, with a tracker that focuses on the performance of the Main Market and AIM versus listed Indian firms since January 1 2007. The index reveals Indian companies listed on the LSE are now collectively outperforming both the FTSE 100 and the AIM 100 by a wide margin, with the India Index up 34 per cent sin ce January 1 2007, while the FTSE 100 is down 15 per cent and AIM 100 is down 13 per cent. The prospective listings come from a variety of sectors including bio-engineering, mining and several media companies. These firms, expected to raise between 10 million pounds and 250 million pounds each, will take the present number of Indian companies with full London listings from 30 to 36, a jump of 20 per cent through Grant Thornton alone, with further interest expected to boost this number before the end of the calendar year. Indian companies listed on LSEs Alternative Investment Market (AIM) launch initial public offerings in London because it offers them a wide pool of investors and makes it easier to raise finance for acquisitions in the UK and Europe. Anuj Chande, head of Grant Thorntons South Asia Group, said that since the listing of Indian energy and mining major Vedanta Resources in December 2003, there had been a steady stream of Indian IPOs with a total of 30 firm s now listed on both the Main Market (five firms) and the AIM market (25 firms). He said, India is vying to be both the most prolific and most successful nation on the LSE and all indicators point to this soon becoming a reality. A sustained economic boom within the subcontinent and the many perceived benefits for Indian firms that come with a London listing are key drivers in this process. Chande pointed to poor domestic markets, access to a greater and wider investor base, international focus, the prestige of a London listing and the profile raising that comes with it as driving the number of Indian firms exploring a London IPO. Listing overseas is getting popular with Indian companies. Around 30 Indian companies are considering raising money from public markets abroad. About half of them belong to real estate sector interestingly. Apparently most of these companies are restructuring themselves to go to overseas markets directly. There is a rule in India that an Indian company has to list in India first before going abroad. So its likely that the companies would incorporate themselves abroad for this. Most of the companies are looking at approaching London-based Alternative Investment Market (AIM) where the average size of a listed company is $70 million against a billion dollar-plus in other exchanges. When it was founded ten years ago, Aim was supposed to be the place where young, entrepreneurial British firms, lacking the required qualifications for the London Stock Exchanges (LSE) main market, could hook up with bold investors happy to take a little extra risk. In recognition of this useful contribution to the domestic economy, nice tax breaks were, and still are, available for investors. But firms from all over the world are flocking to London. Over 220 of Aims 1,426 quoted firms are from countries such as China, Australia, South Africa, Russia, Germany, Israel, Bangladesh and now the Americans are arriving too. Investing in Aim: internationalisation Recent debutantes include Noida Toll Bridge, formed to construct and operate a toll bridge connecting Noida to South Delhi in India; Kalahari Mining, with a portfolio of mineral projects in Namibia; Sinosoft Technology, an IT provider to the Chinese government; Amur Minerals, whose principal asset is a licence to explore for nickel and copper in the far east of the Russian Federation; Elitel, a fixed-line Italian telecoms group; and Legacy Distribution, a wholesaler of candy, cigarettes, and groceries in Arizona, USA. This internationalisation of Aim which provides juicy fees for financial advisers but little payback to the domestic economy for those attractive tax breaks has three causes: Investing in Aim: the aftermath of Enron The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) is meant to tighten up US corporate governance after the scandals at Enron, WorldCom and Tyco. CEOs and chief financial officers of American-listed firms must now sign statements attesting to the accuracy of their companys accounts. But this is time consuming and expensive, especially for small firms. At $2m, the cost of compliance is at least double that of an Aim listing, which is why the number of small firms applying for a listing on US markets has halved. Investing in Aim: the lure of London Overseas investors are wary of their domestic markets. Hong Kong has suffered from low-quality Chinese share issues, Singapores market suffers from poor liquidity, but when the dotcom bubble burst, few fell from grace as spectacularly as Germanys Neuer Market. Founded in 1997 as Germanys answer to the Nasdaq, at its peak it boasted a  market capitalisation of $300bn, before losing 96% of its value and eventually closing in 2003. German investors still bear the scars. There is no appetite for new issues in the German market, which saw only nine initial public offerings (IPOs) last year. Instead, German firms are coming to London. London offers a trusted legal and regulatory framework, it boasts a huge pool of capital and expertise, and offers a certain cachet: firms from all around the world believe an LSE listing confers credibility. Keen to capitalise on this opportunity, officials from the LSE and UK financial advisers are racking up the air miles, hosting conferences in foreign cities and selling the Aim story. The stream of foreign listings threatens to turn into a flood. â€Å"I could get 100 Chinese or Indian companies tomorrow,† says Martin Graham, head of Aim. â€Å"But that wouldnt necessarily be the right thing to do. We have to be very careful that as we internationalise, we actually increase the quality of the market.† While Aim has generated huge fees for the City, it has been much less of a success story for investors. In the ten years of its existence, the index has gained just 2% and has been far outpaced by the FTSE Small Cap index, which includes more mature and generally UK-centric firms. While only 3% of Aim-listed firms have failed altogether, the index has been hampered by the generally poor early performance of newly floated companies, which have struggled to live up to the promises contained in their glossy prospectuses. UK private investors have historically found it dif ficult and expensive to invest overseas, especially in small firms, so the arrival of foreign firms on Aim gives them a cheap, accessible way of investing in overseas economies and into business opportunities that dont exist at home. But they should be aware of the pitfalls. Here are the three most important ones: Investing in Aim: lack  of transparency Aim investors need to be diligent. Many Aim firms are all but invisible. Some are happy to be low profile and dont even have their share price quoted in the newspapers. But for many firms, an Aim listing is a way of raising their profile. This is especially true for foreign companies, who often appoint PR advisers to broadcast their presence. But the number of small firms is rising faster than both the number of journalists who write about them and the capacity of investors to follow the news. So the investor must be prepared to trawl the internet via free sites such as Investigate.com, Digitallook.com, or Armshare.com, before looking at the chosen companys own website. Investing in Aim: lack of liquidity Trading liquidity is a huge issue for many Aim companies. Of the indexs 1,424 quoted firms, 866 have a total market value of less than  £25m. The ‘free float (the shares you can actually buy) is smaller less than this and most holders of the free float will have taken shares in the initial placing and have no intention of selling. In the Budget, Gordon Brown reduced the maximum size of firms eligible for venture capital trusts (VCTs) from  £15m to  £7m and increased the length of time investors must hold VCTs from three to five years if they are to qualify for tax relief. This is likely further to tie up VCT money in shares of the smallest companies, increasingly reducing trading liquidity. Institutions are also put off buying shares in the secondary market   because they fear they will be unable to sell them. In the opinion of Charles Breese, founder of Armshare.com, the LSE is too intent on simply recruiting new Aim entrants and is not doing enough to stimulate the secondary market. Investing in Aim: uncertain prospects Hopes are high when a firm floats on Aim. It looks forward to a rising share price, to issuing further equity to pursue its growth plans and to encouraging its executives with share options. But it can soon become disillusioned if the share price goes the wrong way. Many Aim-listed UK companies privately complain that they are not getting value for the  £50,000 that they pay to their financial advisers to promote their shares. This problem is worse for overseas firms. First City was the first UK public relations adviser to spot the Chinese opportunity. It now has a Hong Kong office with Mandarin-speaking staff, and is in regular contact with its clients. But others are all too happy to take the fee for the Aim listing and then offer little else besides. So investors should be cautious. They must be prepared to do their own research and make up their own minds. Short-term traders should rule Aim out altogether. But for those prepared to stay the course, the influx of foreign companies provides some highly attractive investment opportunities. Tax breaks on Aim Capital gains tax (CGT): After holding Aim shares for one year, the investor is only charged on 50% of the gain. After two years, this drops to 25%. Inheritance tax (IHT): Shares in qualifying Aim trading firms can attract 100% relief from inheritance tax, provided they have been held for two years. Enterprise Investment Schemes (EIS): EIS investors can invest up to  £400,000 per year. They receive tax relief on contributions and pay no CGT, provided the investment has been held for three years. Investment can be made into Aim firms, but overseas companies are unlikely to be eligible. Venture capital trusts (VCTs): VCT investors receive 30% income tax relief on contributions, and pay no CGT as long as the investment has been held for five years. Overseas companies are unlikely to be eligible for VCTs. Why are Indian companies rushing to the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) of the London Stock Exchange? AIM has become the new El Dorado of Indian companies, especially unlisted companies which are in a hurry to raise funds in the ongoing economic boom with few disclosures. Two companies — Noida Toll Bridge and Great Eastern Energy Corporation — have already listed on the AIM, the LSEs international market smaller growing companies. Over 30 Indian companies, including Hiranandani and Unitech, have shown interest in listing on AIM and the list is growing. Interestingly, most of them are real estate and construction companies — which shot up to dizzy heights in the bull run — which are keen to raise money from AIM without listing on Indian stock exchanges. â€Å"The most important attraction is that transparency and corporate governance standards are very low on the AIM market. Its ideal for an unlisted company which doesnt want to dis close much and doesnt believe in corporate governance,† said a member of several capital market committees. The LSE is also very candid about its trading platform. â€Å"To join AIM, companies do not need a particular financial track record or trading history. There is also no minimum requirement in terms of size or number of shareholders,† says the LSE website. For some Indian companies, the listing norms on AIM could be music as listing standards are tough in India and the US. Promoters will have to follow financial track-records, minimum capital, tough disclosure norms and transparency in India. Listing norms in US markets like New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq are even tougher. â€Å"The AIM market of the LSE is convenient for some of our unlisted companies as they dont need to disclose many things,† an investment bank source said. Methodology: This chapter consist of different methodological perspectives, the explanation related to which company examined and why, the data collection method and data analysis. Research Purpose: According to Gummesson, case study research is mainly divided in to three types, exploratory, descriptive and explanatory research. Exploratory research: This type of research approach is to collect as much information as possible related to research area. According to Gummesson (2002) exploratory research is a pilot study that can be used as a basis for formulating more precise questions or testable hypothesis. Descriptive research: This type of research used when the problem is well structured. In this research, researcher wants to find out the relevant aspects of the problem. According to Wiedersheim- Paul and Eriksson (1998) and Yin (1994) this approach attempts to describe. Explanatory research: According to Paul and Eriksson (1998) and Yin(1994) This type of research is used to prove or disapprove condition take place. It can be also used to find a correlation between causes using data collection methods. The main reason of this research is descriptive. This research helps to understand â€Å"How gardening companies   adapt or standardize their product for foreign market† With the help of answering specific research questions we will gain better understanding related to gardening   industry. Approach of Research: Two techniques used at the time of research, one is qualitative and second is quantitative method (Yin, 1994). Qualitative method: According to Denscombe (1998) qualitative method goes more in depth of the problem as compared to the quantitative method. This method is used when researcher wants to investigate the problem. In this method the researcher him/herself plays a vital role. Disadvantage of this method is difficult to compare the collected information from the different objectives. Quantitative method: According to Denscombe (1998) quantitative method consist of numbers collecting with the help of survey and questionnaire. The advantage of this method is that the study can be generalized while it is aimed at large target group. In this research we will use qualitative method. This decision is mainly based on information required to find result of research questions are of qualitative nature, because there is a need of a bottomless understanding. However with the help of qualitative method we will collect data based on interviews. With the help of qualitative method the result present in words. Strategy of Research: Denscombe (1998), Wiedersheim- Paul and Eriksson (1998) and Yin(1994) state that there are five primary research strategies such as surveys, experiments, case studies, archival analysis and histories. Below table shows five strategies. Research Strategy Form of research  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   question Requires control over behavioural events Focuses on contemporary events Experiment How, why Yes Yes Survey Who, what, where, how, many, how much No Yes Archival Analysis Who, what, where, how, many, how much No Yes/No History How, why No No Case Study How, why No Yes Table 1: Research StrategiesSource: Yin (1994 p .6) With the help of research question and the purpose, we will able to find that, there is no need to control over behavioural events as well as survey; contemporary events, archival analysis, and experiment are not appropriate research strategies for this research. Yin (1994) state that case studies permit to a research, keep important image of organizational and administrative processes. On the other hand Yin (1994) focuses on case study can be single case study or multiple case studies. In single case study researcher unable to make comparisons, and in multiple case studies researcher able to compare, on the other hand fewer time used for each case study. For this research we considered case studies related to different gardening companies, which are the best research strategy to use for answer research questions. With the help of case studies we able to answer how and why questions as well as   we will add to the validity, precision stability and confidence of the research result. Sample selection: After determined research strategy, the next chapter is sample selection. According to Yin (1994), collection of data with the help of all potential units is not possible because of limited financial resources and time limitation. In order to explain the important features of the complete problem area, smaller companies are gathered. The researcher cannot be confident that the conclusion he/she will end up with will be capable to simplify the whole research area while the samples chosen are not all representative for the research area for which they are gathered. At the time of primary speak with companies; the purpose of research is clear. For completing purpose of this research, there is need, to contact with person who have best knowledge and experience of companies products sell in foreign market. Data collection: According to Eriksson and Widersheim (1997) data is collection consist of two methods. First method is primary data collection, in which information is collect by researcher and for specific purpose. Second method is secondary data collection, in which the data is already collect and for different purpose. Yins (1994) recommend six sources of data collection its strengths and weaknesses related to case studies are given below in table: Source of evidence Strength Weakness Interviews Targeted: focuses directly on case study topic. Insightful: provide perceived casual inferences Bias due to poorly constructed questionnaires. Inaccuracies due to poor recall Response bias Reflexivity: interviews gives what interviewer wants to hear. Direct Observations Reality: covers events in real time. Contextual: covers context of event. Time consuming Selectivity: unless broad coverage. Reflexivity: event may proceed differently because it is being observed. Cost: hours needed by human observers. Participant Observation Insightful into inter-personal behaviour and motives. Bias due to investigators manipulation of events. Physical Artifacts Insightful into cultural features. Insightful into technical operations. Selectivity Availability Documentation Stable, it can reviewed repeatedly Un-obstructive: Not created as a result of the case. Exact: Contains exact names, references and details of an event. Broad coverage: long span of time, many events, and many settings. Retrievability: can be low Biased selectivity: if collection is incomplete. Reporting bias: reflects (unknown) bias of author. Access: may be deliberately blocked. Archival Records Precise and quantitative. Accessibility due to privacy reasons. Table 2: Six sources of evidence: Strength and weakness  Ã‚  Ã‚   Source: Yin (1994, p80) Due to time limitation and financial resources, in this research direct observations and participant observation are not possible.   However archival record is not possible and there is no need to considered technical operations, physical artifacts are not used. Therefore there is only two sources of evidence for this research can be used i.e. interviews and documentation In this research data can be collected with the help of both primary and secondary data. When collecting data for case study, semi-structured research method and focused interviews can be used. In this research, we can collect data from personal interviews based on telephone because of amount of time and money. This type of data used for specific purpose of research, therefore it considered primary data. On the other hand we can collect the data with the help of documentation, website and gardening companies bro chures. This data considered as secondary data and it consist of background information of company. Data analysis: It consist of examining, categorizing, tabulating the evidence to address the initial propositions of research. Holme and Solvang (1997) recommend that a systematic analysis begins with a case analysis and after find out result with the help of cross-case analysis. This research can pursue above recommendation. In one side, case analysis can conduct and collect data from gardening company. In second side with the help of cross case analysis in which different companies are compared with each other and data will be calculate. The next is sort out similarities and dissimilarities related to theory and collected data, then build up a conclusion. Reliability and Validity: In this research these two factors plays a very important role. To build up the reliability of this research, there is need of to find objectives as possible. However consider reliability when method for the duration of the interview which is helpful to stop non objective data collection. On other hand validity consider at the time measuring what is intended to be measured. Findings, Conclusion and implication: This chapter consist of findings and conclusion based on research. In this chapter we able to provide answers of research question. When we answering the research questions we can get factors affecting on gardening company related to adaptation, standardization, and elements of products. These factors based on different companies in gardening industry and its considerations After findings and conclusion of this research we will able to find out Implications for future research related to gardening companies.